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To termites, any breach of the tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites detect a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their minds, apparently to attract other troops for defence and to recruit additional workers to repair any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into other termites that causes them to be alerted and to leave pheromone trails to the distressed area, which can be a way to recruit extra workers.56.
The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae includes a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that possess the ability to exude noxious liquids through a horn-like frontal projection that they utilize for defence.155 Nasutes have dropped their mandibles throughout the course of evolution and must be fed by workers.59 A vast array of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the fluids that nasutes secrete.156 Similarly, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.
Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of their cuticles. The thick, yellowish fluid in the gland becomes quite sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects which are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.
When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a cube that denies entry to any attacker.161.
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Employees use a number of different strategies to take care of their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse entirely.162163164 To avoid pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate carries a corpse from the colony to eliminate it elsewhere.165 Which approach is used depends on the nature of this corpse a employee is dealing with (i.e.
A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown chunks, known as"termite balls", rarely kill the eggsand in some cases the workers tend to these.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between different species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes.
This chemical mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.
Some species of ant are known to catch termites to utilize as a brand new food source later on, rather than killing them. For example, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who attempt to escape are instantly seized and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species go in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants like Megaponera analis attack the exterior of mounds and Dorylinae ants assault underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.
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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both inhabited and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is a result of the termites' frequent occurrence in their geographic range; another is to shield themselves from floods.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds but no evidence for any site kind of relationship (other than a one) is known.116 In rare situations, certain species of termites live inside busy ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.
Mounds may also provide shelter and heat to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.56.
Termites are known to transport pollen and frequently see flowers,177 are considered as potential pollinators for a number of flowering plants.178 One blossom in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is frequently pollinated by foraging workers, and it is possibly the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
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Many plants have developed powerful defences against termites. But, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only develop when they have passed the seedling stage.179 Defence is normally accomplished by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This lowers the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When retained near the infusion, they get disoriented and eventually perish.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of three sites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites were present in the 3 websites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.